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Enthält Rezensionen u.a. von: Comparing new democracies: transition and consolidation in Mediterranean Europe and the Southern Cone. / Baloyra, Enrique A. (Ed.). - Boulder/Colo. : Westview Press, 1987. - 318 S

A comparative-historical analysis, focusing on economic & social-structural variables operating in combination with political-institutional variables, reveals that the achievement of a balance between pressures from subordinate classes & threat perception on the part of economic elites was crucial for the installation & consolidation of full or restricted democratic regimes in South America. In agricultural export economies, clientelistic parties emerged, based on sectors of the middle classes & economic elites & presenting only a moderate threat; in mineral export economies, radical mass parties emerged, forging alliances between sectors of the middle & working classes & posing a high threat to elite interests. Where labor-intensive agriculture was dominant, the opening of the political system was delayed because of landlord opposition & extended at best to restricted democracy; where the dominant agricultural export sector was ranching & was accompanied by subsidiary industrialization, the early installation of full democracy was possible. Strong pressures for democratization in mineral export economies resulted in initial periods of instability. Industrialization reinforced pressures from below for democratization, except where the political articulation of newly emerging groups was shaped by the state. Democracy could only be consolidated where the party system afforded effective protection of elite interests. 4 Tables, 2 Figures. AA

Übersicht über Ziele und Strategien der staatlichen Bergbaupolitik in Jamaika und Peru und Analyse ihrer Auswirkungen auf das nationale und internationale Wirtschaftssystem

The Peruvian military government of 1968-80 defied the expectations and categorizations derived from academic work on the character and performance of its counterparts, past and present, in other Latin American countries.1A key anomaly is the fact that labor and the left were not eclipsed, but instead emerged strengthened by the period of military rule in their mobilizing capacity and electoral presence.2The purpose of this article is to explain the legacy of the military government for labor and the left by elucidating the processes that led to their strengthening, with particular emphasis on the policies of the Velasco regime.

People's National Party in Jamaica under Michael Manley in the 1970s moved sharply to the left and maintained or increased its electoral base. One element of the political strategy of Democratic Socialism of the PNP was the organizational strengthening of the party and the adoption of a stronger ideological profile. This article discusses the importance as well as the limitations of the process of party transformation. On the basis of two surveys of the Jamaican elite, carried out in 1974 and in 1982, it documents the dramatic effect of this process on the ideological alignments in the Jamaican elite

The dominant views in the literature on the evolution of ideological mass-membership parties, which hold that these parties emerged with the entry of the masses into politics and as a result of prolonged electoral competition moderated their ideological stands to appeal to more centrist voters, cannot account for the case of a mass party which, after years of electoral competition, moves sharply to the left and maintains or increases its electoral base, as was the case for the People's National Party (PNP) under Michael Manley in Jamaica in the 1970s. One element of the political strategy of "Democratic Socialism" of the PNP under Manley was the organizational strengthening of the party and the adoption of a stronger ideological profile and a commitment to ideological education at both the elite and mass level. This article discusses the importance as well as the limitations of the process of party transformation. On the basis of two surveys of the Jamaican elite, one carried out in the summer of 1974 and one in 1982, it documents the dramatic effect of this process on the ideological alignments in the Jamaican elite. Drawing on Gramscian ideas, the article develops an explanation for the process of party transformation in Jamaica, which emphasizes the importance of the extent of popular organization and mobilization for the center of gravity of public opinion and thus for the ideological and electoral room for maneuver of mass parties.

Ideological and organizational changes in the People's National Party (PNP) under Michael Manley; based on conference paper.